Share Tweet Share Share Prof Johan Galtung, a professor of peace studies, is founder of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment and rector of the TRANSCEND Peace University-TPU. He has published over 400 Editorials for TRANSCEND Media Service and over 164 books on peace and related issues, of which 41 have been translated into 35 languages, for a total of 135 book translations, including ‘50 Years-100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives,’ published by the TRANSCEND University Press-TUP Gandhian Perspectives on Conflict and Peace – Hindu University, FL USA Gandhi was born 2 October 1869, was killed 30 January 1948 by a Pune brahmin, Godse. I was a 17 years old boy in Norway who cried when hearing the news. Something unheard of had happened. But I did not know why I cried, and wanted to know more. Who was Gandhi? So I became a Gandhi scholar as assistant and co-author to the late Arne Næss in his seminal work of extracting from Gandhi’s works and words his Gandhi’s Political Ethics as a norm-system.Note [i] Mahatma Gandhi The image of the India I love is the image of Gandhi. I know perfectly well that there are other Indias. And Ashis Nandy sensitized me to why the court proceedings against Godse were kept secret: because his arguments were that Gandhi stood in the way of the modern India the government wanted, with industrialization, booming cities, growth, trade, a strong army; the whole package. Very different from Gandhi’s self-sufficient sarvodaya villages, linked by “oceanic circles”, focused on spiritual rather than material growth. Very similar to the Buddhist image of the small sanghacommunity. And in line with Gandhi’s idea that he may actually have been a Buddhist; without any vertical ranking of occupations. Gandhi’s link to Buddhism and rejection of caste may have been on top of Godse’s motivation, adding to modernity. Nehru’s India was also a modern India, with a socialist LSE-Harold Laski, Soviet touch. Nehru and Gandhi shared anti-colonialism but differed in their images of independent India. Modernity, and even more so, Soviet top-down socialism, were very remote from Gandhi’s bottom-up world. Gandhi was instrumentalized by Congress to get rid of Britons preaching against caste. India became independent, after a disastrous partition mainly caused by Lord Mountbatten; free to enter modernity, and to keep caste. The Congress Party got the cake and ate it too. So, I see two Indias, Gandhi and modernity, knowing there are more. Two Indian civilizations, with much clash and little dialogue. And some dwarfs rejecting India’s greatest son. Some time ago there were books on and by Gandhi at New Delhi airport; today we find books on business administration. A non-dialogue of two civilizations within one country. This essay opens for that missing dialogue, for the millions touched by the genius of the Gandhi that modern India expelled, like traditional India did to another genius coming out of roughly the same land, the Buddha. The image of India abroad is still shaped by both. Gandhi, a vaisya prime minister’s son, a lawyer trained in England, struggling with the drives of sex and food, finding his brahmacharya. Indian themes with as much or more claim on India as the present growth machine serving the upper castes and classes at the expense of growing inequality and the suffering of the 1/3 of the world’s starving, living in one country, India. An India linked to a falling global empire, USA; and a regional declining empire, Israel. An India with direct violence by acts of commission; structural violence producing more suffering than direct violence upheld by acts of omission; and cultural violence legitimizing either or both. And Indo-European class structure, with brahmin specialists on cultural violence, kshatriyas on direct violence, and vaisyas on structural violence; unleashing all three on common people and women. That tradition of direct violence + steep pyramids of structural violence + legitimacy from a divine mandate also predict well the four most belligerent countries over the last 1,000 years: USA, Israel, UK and Turkey. Watch for the dangers of guilt by cooperation and association with those four. Gandhi will survive this perverted Indian modernity. Gandhi’s four S’s, satyagraha-swaraj-swadeshi-sarvodaya, are better approaches to the three UN goals sustainable peace, development and environment. Satyagraha: holding on to Satya, a Truth-Love-God trinity, his unity-of-human beings. As factual truth, as togetherness-compassion-love, and as embodying the divine. The word ahimsa, nonviolence, reflects this badly. More than 100 years ago Gandhi coined satyagraha drawing on vasudaiva kuttumbakam-the world is my family. Very Indian. But not practiced by 700,000 Hindu soldiers in Kashmir ruling over the Muslims, and in even more misery and inequality by driving tribals and casteless off the land and killing Naxalites with drones. Swaraj: self-rule, swa, the Self of identity, with Raj, rule. Gandhi praised openness refusing to be blown off his feet. Be rooted, deepen the rootedness, develop your self, your spirit, be in command of your identity; concepts beyond an independence ceremony with flags lowered and raised. Gandhi even did not attend; he fought the Lord Mountbatten-twisted partition with its devastating consequences. Swadeshi: meeting needs for food, shelter, clothing, self-made. No to English textiles-Yes to khadi. Gandhi even collected money for Bombay textile merchants; the textiles, not they, were the problem. Sarvodaya: the uplift of the poor, inspired by Gandhi’s dictum, there is enough for everybody’s need, but not for everybody’s greed. Gandhi was for need, modernity for greed; Gandhi for local self-reliance, modernity for unlimited trade; Gandhi for building on own identity, modernity for americanization as neo-nirvana; Gandhi for nonviolent conflict resolution, modernity for police, military, war. India’s modernity suffers a crash landing, with revolts from Orissa to Kerala. Even worse: massive suicide by desperate, indebted farmers being driven off the land, even selling their daughters. Both Delhi and the Naxalites would be better off with Gandhi’s Four S’s than with New Delhi state terrorism-torturism and Naxalite terrorism. A blessing to have Gandhi on the reserve shelf; but it is needed in reality, not on any shelf, and backed by political power. APPENDIX: The Gandhi Conflict Norms GOALS AND CONFLICT N11 Act in conflicts! N111 Act now! N112 Act here! N113 Act for your own group! N114 Act out of identity! N115 Act out of conviction! N12 Define the conflict well! N121 State your own goal clearly! N122 Try to understand your opponent’s goal! N123 Emphasize common and compatible goals! N124 State the conflict relevant facts objectively! N13 Have a positive approach to conflict! N131 Give the conflict a positive emphasis! N132 See conflict as opportunity to meet the opponent! N133 See conflict as opportunity to transform society! N134 See conflict as opportunity to transform yourself! CONFLICT STRUGGLE N21 Act non-violently in conflicts! N211 Do not hurt or harm with deeds! N212 Do not hurt or harm with words! N213 Do not hurt or harm with thoughts! N214 Do not harm the opponent’s property! N215 Prefer violence to cowardice! N216 Do good even to the evil‑doer! N22 Act in a goal‑consistent manner! N221 Always include a constructive element! N222 Use goal‑revealing forms of struggle! N223 Act openly, not secretly! N224 Aim the struggle at the correct point! N23 Do not cooperate with evil! N231 Non‑cooperation with evil structure! N232 Non‑cooperation with evil status! N233 Non‑cooperation with evil action! N234 Non‑cooperation with those who cooperate with evil! N24 Be willing to sacrifice! N241 Do not escape from punishment! N242 Be willing to die if necessary! N25 Do not polarize! N251 Distinguish between antagonism and antagonist! N252 Distinguish between person and status! N253 Maintain contact! N254 Empathy with your opponent’s position! N255 Be flexible in defining parties and positions! N26 Do not escalate! N261 Remain as loyal as possible! N262 Do not provoke or let yourself be provoked! N263 Do no humiliate or let yourself be humiliated! N264 Do no expand the goals for the conflict! N265 Use the mildest possible forms of conflict behavior! CONFLICT RESOLUTION N31 Solve conflict! N311 Do not continue conflict struggle forever! N312 Always seek negotiation with the opponent! N313 Seek positive social transformations! N314 Seek human transformation! ‑ of yourself ‑ of the opponent N32 Insist on the essentials, not on non‑essentials! N321 Do not trade with essentials! N322 Be willing to compromise on non‑essentials! N33 See yourself as fallible! N331 Remember that you may be wrong! N332 Admit your mistakes openly! N333 Consistency over time not very important! N34 Be generous in your view of the opponent! N341 Do not exploit the opponent’s weaknesses! N342 Do not judge the opponent harder than yourself! N343 Trust your opponent! N35 Conversion, not coercion! N351 Always seek solutions that are accepted! ‑ by yourself ‑ by the opponent! N352 Never coerce your opponent! N353 Convert your opponent into a believer in the cause! NOTE: [i]. For my own version of that system please see the Appendix, taken from my The Way is the Goal, Ahmdavad: Navajivan, 1995 (also reprinted on the back of the cover-pages of A Theory of Conflict, TRANSCEND University Press, 2010). credits: TMS: Two Indias: Gandhi and Modern India
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